Exchange traded funds, or ETFs, are one of the most successful financial innovations in the modern era; of similar vintage and, arguably, significance to mortgage-backed securities, but to date thankfully not (yet) as contorversial.
This article looks at their key features, contextualises their inexorable rise by reference to some performance figures and, by reference to two examples of their higher risk synthetic variants, leveraged and inverse ETFs, highlights both the potential systemic risks they pose to the stability of global financial markets and regulators’ preparedness to address those risks.