Banks who enter into swaps with public sector entities might reasonably have hoped that during the three decades since Hazell v Hammersmith & Fulham LBC [1992] 2 AC 1 (in which the House of Lords ruled that the local authority’s interest-rate swaps were speculative and ultra vires) most of the associated legal problems would have been resolved. Two recent cases in the Commercial Court involving Italian authorities show that quite a lot remains to be argued about. These are Deutsche Bank AG London v Comune di Busto Arsizio [2021] EWHC 2706 (Comm) (Busto) and Banca Intesa Sanpaolo SPA & Anor v Comune Di Venezia [2022] EWHC 2586 (Comm) (Venezia). In this article Andrew Fulton KC highlights the continuing problems so far as the enforceability of a disputed swap is concerned.