The European payments ecosystem is currently undergoing significant changes, due to the emergence of new technologies, new market participants as well as an evolving regulatory environment. To keep abreast with these changes and their potential implications and challenges whilst ensuring a continued smooth functioning of the payment system, the Eurosystem had launched until end December 2020 a public consultation1 on a new holistic and forward-looking harmonised oversight framework for electronic payment instruments, schemes and arrangements (PISA).